Order of Calatrava (1165-1838)

Founded: St. Raymond of Fitero (12th c.)

Confirmed by: Pope Alexander III (1164)

Religious rule: Cistercians (1187)

Obligations:

1. rule of silence in the refectory, dormitory, and oratory

2. rule of abstinence on four days a week, besides several fast days during the year

3. recite a fixed number of paternosters for each day Hour of the Office

4. sleep in their armour

5. wear, as their full dress, the Cistercian white mantle with the scarlet cross fleur de lisée

Order of santiago

Founded: 12th c.

Confirmed by: Pope Alexander III (1171)

Religious rule: Augustinians (1187)

Rights and Obligations:

1. administration of the sacraments (canons)

2. service of pilgrims (canonesses)

3. right to marry

4. obligation of observing continence during Advent, Lent, and on certain festivals of the year

Order of Alcántara

Founded: 1166

Confirmed by: Pope Alexander III (1177)

Religious rule: Cistercian

Order of Montesa

Founded: 1312 by King James II of Valencia

Confirmed by: Pope John XXII (1317)

Religious rule: Cistercian

Affiliated with: Order of Calatrava

Charge: Protection of the borders of Valencia against the Moors